A comparison between two management systems of protected areas from México (Sierra del Abra Tanchipa Biosphere Reserve) and from Ecuador (Yasuni National Park)

Abstract

Protected areas have been created as a tool to stop habitat loss and provide help in biodiversity conservation. They are essential for the conservation of cultural heritage, promoting cultural values and encouraging sustainable practices of land use. The goods and services that these spaces provide are essential for society and life. They are important for the sustainable development of local communities. Furthermore, they are essential for recreation, tourism, and education; they also contribute to local and regional economies. With this background, two protected areas were analyzed: Sierra del Abra Tanchipa Biosphere Reserve (RBSAT - for Mexico) and Yasuni National Park (PNY - for Ecuador). Both areas face a number of threats; in PNY´s case, the main concern is related to the oil extraction activities developed within the area. In the case of RBSAT, the main threats include: fires, illegal hunting, changes in land use, extraction of wildlife, among others. Although management tools exist in both areas (programs or plans), they still face high external pressure. For this reason, evaluating each area´s main characteristics and performance was fundamental. In order to accomplish it, a framework analysis was performed, including important information regarding: the countries, the systems of protected areas and the selected areas. A comparison of legal frameworks was necessary to detail the legal documents at different administrative levels (international, national/federal, provincial/state, districts/municipal/ and parishes/local). It was also required to employ the “Kelsen Pyramid”, in order to organize legal documents and establish supremacy. Employing an evaluation of management effectiveness was important to monitor each area´s performance. Finally, a SWOT analysis was developed. Ultimately, it was possible to understand the future steps required to strengthen the organization in both areas. As a result of the comparison between the areas’ realities, backgrounds, management tools, legal documents and performances, several recommendations were detailed at the end of this study. This will facilitate decision-making processes for authorities and reinforce the areas´ management.